Perfusion systems are advanced medical devices that replicate the flow of oxygenated blood or nutrient-rich fluids to organs, tissues, or cells outside the body during surgical, transplant, or research procedures. They play a vital role in cardiothoracic surgeries—acting as a temporary heart and lung during open-heart operations—as well as in organ transplantation, where they preserve organ viability through controlled oxygenation, temperature, and circulation. These systems also enhance research and development efforts by enabling precise study of tissues under controlled conditions, including applications in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
Emerging innovations include portable and miniaturized designs that improve flexibility across treatment settings, normothermic perfusion technologies that maintain organs at near-physiological temperatures for better functional assessment, and automation through real-time monitoring systems. Some include AI-driven capabilities to optimize parameters and support decision-making during procedures. Specific organ-focused applications—such as ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP)—allow reconditioning of marginal donor lungs for successful transplantation, significantly widening donor pools. Despite their benefits, these systems require highly specialized operation and carry technical complexity, and they pose challenges in maintaining optimal perfusion conditions, especially under regulatory constraints and in resource-limited environments.